〔Abstract〕 Objective To explore the effect of social support combined with rehabilitation training management for urban vagrant mental patients. Methods A total of 150 urban vagrant mental patients admitted to Guangzhou Civil Affairs Bureau Mental Hospital from January 2021 to November 2022 were selected and divided into a control group and an observation group by random number table method, with 75 patients in each group. The control group was administered with conventional medical nursing mode, while the observation group was administered with social support combined with rehabilitation training. Clinical symptoms [brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) score, morningside rehabilitation status scale (MRSS) score], social function [scale of social function in psychosis inpatients (SSPI) score], quality of life [schizophrenia quality of life scale (SQLS) score] and adverse events during management were compared between the two groups. Results The BPRS score and MRSS score of the two groups after management were significantly lower than those before management, with statistical significance differences (P < 0.05). After management, BPRS score (31.56 ± 4.11) and MRSS score (30.43 ± 4.29) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (36.75 ± 4.82) and (37.91 ± 6.63), and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). After management, SSPI scores were significantly higher, and SQLS scores were significantly lower than that before management in the two groups, with statistical significance differences (P < 0.05). SSPI score (32.14 ± 4.32) in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (28.55 ± 3.97), while SQLS score (34.68 ± 4.45) was significantly lower than that in the control group (45.29 ± 5.76), the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse events in the observation group (2.67%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (13.33%), and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Social support combined with rehabilitation training management for urban vagrant mental patients can significantly improve their clinical symptoms, effectively improve their social functions and enhance their quality of life.